Signs That A Senior Is Becoming Dehydrated

Written By:  Susan K. Ross

There are three different types of dehydration that can occur and each has different signs and symptoms. There are different ways to treat each of these types of dehydration and they can sometimes occur together. When caring for the elderly, it is very important to look for these signs and symptoms. It becomes crucial when the elderly person suffers from a condition that:

• Makes it difficult for them to communicate
• Makes it difficult for them to obtain what they need on their own
• Makes it difficult for them to understand what is going on around them
• Puts them at risk for medical complications even without dehydration (i.e. diabetes, anorexia, renal failure, or other diseases)

The first type of dehydration, isotonic, occurs when there are equal amounts of water and sodium lost from the body. The most common reason for this type of dehydration is illness which results in prolonged vomiting or excessive diarrhea. Other causes include fasting, internal bleeding or use of suctioning (this occurs in patients who are already medically compromised. Individuals with isotonic dehydration may experience thirst, dizziness, weakness, a drop in blood pressure, a drop in body temperature, changes in the tongue, and rapid weight loss. There are not typically mental changes that occur with this type of dehydration. Most patients remain alert and oriented and are usually aware that they need hydration.

Hypernatremia, or hypertonic dehydration, is usually seen in both children and the elderly. It occurs when there is a greater loss of water than sodium. It is typically caused by a fever and the cause of the fever must be determined and addressed before adequate hydration can occur. Providing hydration can be a challenge because water begins to evaporate through the lungs and skin more quickly than hydration can be provided. While the most common cause is fever related to an illness, it can also be seen in patients who have cognitive problems and do not recognize the feeling of thirst, those who have problems swallowing because of a stroke or other illness, or those who are unable to care for themselves and cannot physically obtain water. The onset of dementia can be gradual in nature and caregivers may not realize that an individual is not drinking enough until they begin to exhibit signs or dehydration.

Hypotonic dehydration, or hyponatremia, results when the amount of sodium in the system is less than the amount of water. Symptoms can include muscle cramps, headaches, personality changes, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, impaired taste, and seizures. If left untreated, it can cause the person to lapse into a coma. Hyponatremia is often associated with renal failure, compulsive water drinking because of a psychiatric condition, or prolonged use of diuretics.

By knowing the risk factors for dehydration in the elderly, cases can be prevented. When signs and symptoms are spotted early, treatment can begin quickly. If you suspect that someone is suffering from dehydration, seek medical treatment as quickly as possible.